{"id":2040,"date":"2022-04-04T17:25:00","date_gmt":"2022-04-04T07:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/blog\/?p=2040"},"modified":"2024-05-16T22:50:01","modified_gmt":"2024-05-16T13:20:01","slug":"the-prehistory-of-hep-b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/2022\/04\/the-prehistory-of-hep-b\/","title":{"rendered":"The Prehistory of Hepatitis B"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A new study has traced the evolution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) from prehistory to the present, revealing dissemination routes and changes in viral diversity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/3HIhnin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">new paper in the journal <em>Science<\/em><\/a>, researchers uncover the evolution of HBV since the Early Holocene (roughly 12,000 years ago, when the human species began to dominate the globe) by analysing the largest dataset of ancient viral genomes produced to date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 21st Century, HBV causes close to one million deaths each year. Recent ancient DNA studies have shown that the virus has been infecting humans for millennia, but its past diversity and dispersal routes remained largely unknown. The new study conducted by a large team of researchers from all around the world provides major insights into the evolutionary history of HBV by examining the virus\u2019 genomes from the remains of 137 ancient Eurasians and Native Americans who lived at various times between 10,500 and 400 years ago<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f2178887701&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f2178887701\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter wp-image-2044 size-medium wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain\" class=\"wp-image-2044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113-1200x1200.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Cave_of_Altamira_and_Paleolithic_Cave_Art_of_Northern_Spain-110113.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain. Image courtesy of UNESCO.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The study\u2019s results highlight dissemination routes and shifts in viral diversity that mirror well-known human migrations and demographic events, but also show unexpected patterns and connections to the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Present-day HBV strains are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4017058\/#:~:text=HBV%20is%20differentiated%20into%20many,further%20classified%20as%20sub%2Dgenotypes.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">classified into nine genotypes<\/a>, two of which are found predominantly in populations of Native American ancestry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coming to the Americas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The study provides strong evidence that these strains descend from an HBV lineage that diverged around 11,700 years ago, and was carried by some of the first inhabitants of the Americas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f2178887cd9&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f2178887cd9\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"727\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/rsif20150166f01-1200x727.jpg\" alt=\"The spread of human populations in the years before present (BP), based on 918 sites (circled) in Europe and the Near East.\" class=\"wp-image-2042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/rsif20150166f01-1200x727.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/rsif20150166f01-600x363.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/rsif20150166f01-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/rsif20150166f01-768x465.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/rsif20150166f01.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The spread of human populations in the years before present (BP), based on 918 sites (circled) in Europe and the Near East. (Illustration courtesy of the Royal Society [royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rsif.2015.0166])<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cOur data suggest that all known HBV genotypes descend from a strain that was infecting the ancestors of the First Americans and their closest Eurasian relatives around the time these populations diverged,\u201d says Denise K\u00fchnert, supervisor of the study. K\u00fchnert is head of the Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution (TIDE) Group at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">HBV in prehistoric Europe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The study also shows that the virus was present in large parts of Europe as early as 10,000 years ago, even before the spread of agriculture to the continent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69f217888821a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69f217888821a\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1792\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-1200x1792.jpg\" alt=\"Geographic distribution of ancient HBV genomes within different time-periods, coloured by lineage. (BP = Before Present). (Illustration courtesy of Science [www.science.org\/stoken\/author-tokens\/ST-161\/full])\" class=\"wp-image-2041\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-1200x1792.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-600x896.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-300x448.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-768x1147.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker-1028x1536.jpg 1028w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/ezgif.com-gif-maker.jpg 1244w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Geographic distribution of ancient HBV genomes within different time-periods, coloured by lineage. (BP = Before Present). (Illustration courtesy of Science [www.science.org\/stoken\/author-tokens\/ST-161\/full])<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cMany human pathogens are thought to have emerged after the introduction of agriculture, but HBV was clearly already affecting prehistoric hunter-gatherer populations,\u201d says Johannes Krause, director of the Department of Archaeogenetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and co-supervisor of the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the movement of people from the Near East to Europe, the HBV strains carried by hunter-gatherers were replaced by new strains that were likely spread by the continent\u2019s first farmers, mirroring the large genetic influx associated with the expansion of farming groups across the region. These new viral lineages continued to prevail throughout western Eurasia for close to 4,000 years. The dominance of these strains lasted through the expansion of western herding populations around 5,000 years ago, which dramatically altered the genetic profile of Europeans\u2014but, strangely, was not associated with the spread of new HBV variants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Collapse and Reappearance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the most surprising findings of the study is a sudden decline of HBV diversity in western Eurasia during the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, a time of major cultural shifts, including the collapse of large Bronze Age state societies in the eastern Mediterranean region.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cThis could point to important changes in epidemiological dynamics over a very large region during this period, but we will need more research to understand what happened,\u201d says Arthur Kocher, lead author and researcher in the TIDE Group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All ancient HBV strains recovered in western Eurasia after this period belonged to new viral lineages that still prevail in the region today. However, it appears that one variant related to the previous pre-historic diversity of the region has persisted to the present. This prehistoric variant has evolved into a rare genotype that seems to have emerged recently during the HIV pandemic, for reasons that remain to be understood. There is still a lot to learn about the long history of humans and hepatitis B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Originally published in Hepatitis SA Community News Issue 93. Browse all issues at <a href=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/magazine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/magazine<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A new study has traced the evolution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) from prehistory to the present, revealing dissemination routes and changes in viral diversity. In a new paper &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2044,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[34],"issue":[],"ppma_author":[57],"class_list":["post-2040","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-policies-research","tag-hepatitis-b"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Prehistory of Hepatitis B | HepSA Community News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/2022\/04\/the-prehistory-of-hep-b\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Prehistory of Hepatitis B | HepSA Community News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A new study has traced the evolution of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) from prehistory to the present, revealing dissemination routes and changes in viral diversity. 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