{"id":1330,"date":"2023-09-01T08:30:08","date_gmt":"2023-08-31T23:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/?p=1330"},"modified":"2025-04-10T09:16:01","modified_gmt":"2025-04-09T23:46:01","slug":"how-hep-c-hides-from-the-immune-system","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/2023\/09\/how-hep-c-hides-from-the-immune-system\/","title":{"rendered":"How Hepatitis C Hides from the Immune System"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Danish scientists have solved the question of how the hepatitis C virus (HCV) hides in humans. With a new method for examining virus samples, researchers from the University of Copenhagen have solved a long-standing mystery about how the virus avoids the human body\u2019s immune defence system. The result may have an impact on how we track and treat viral diseases in general. The study has just been&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-023-06301-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">published<\/a>&nbsp;in the scientific journal&nbsp;<em>Nature<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e514af2f6c3&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e514af2f6c3\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"535\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/iStock-1240137505-SMALL-1024x783-1-e1709451369745-web.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/iStock-1240137505-SMALL-1024x783-1-e1709451369745-web.jpg 700w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/iStock-1240137505-SMALL-1024x783-1-e1709451369745-web-600x459.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/iStock-1240137505-SMALL-1024x783-1-e1709451369745-web-300x229.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The immune system attacking a virus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Hepatitis C was&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7801885\/#:~:text=In%201989%2C%20a%20team%20of,order%20to%20develop%20diagnostic%20tests.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">discovered in 1989<\/a>&nbsp;and is one of the most studied viruses on the planet, but its ability to evade the human immune system has never been successfully explored before.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A new method for examining virus samples has led researchers at the University of Copenhagen and Hvidovre Hospital to the answer, which is: the virus just puts on a \u2018mask\u2019. By donning this mask, the virus can remain hidden while making copies of itself to infect new cells. The mask cloaks the virus in the form of a molecule already in our cells. Disguised by the molecule, our immune systems confuse the virus with something harmless that needn\u2019t be reacted to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most RNA viruses (like hepatitis C, COVID-19, the flu, and others) have something called a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Five-prime_cap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">five-prime cap<\/a>&nbsp;(often written as a&nbsp;<em>5\u2032 cap<\/em>) on their ends, which acts to protect the virus and maintain its stability during replication. Until now, nobody had been able to find hepatitis C\u2019s five-prime cap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e514af2fcb9&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e514af2fcb9\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"355\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-1-768x355-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-1-768x355-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-1-768x355-1-600x277.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Figure-1-768x355-1-300x139.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Five-Prime Cap on an RNA virus (Source: Takara Learning Centers)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, thanks to this research, we know that the five-prime cap used by HCV is&nbsp;<em>flavin adenine dinucleotide<\/em>&nbsp;(FAD), a common chemical already present in the biological machinery of our cells. FAD is a molecule composed of Vitamin B2 and the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adenosine_triphosphate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vital energy-carrying molecule ATP<\/a>. FAD is vital for our cells to convert energy. The FAD molecule\u2019s importance and familiarity to our cells makes it ideal camouflage for a malicious virus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cHow the Hepatitis C virus manages to hide in our liver cells without being detected by the immune system has always been a bit of a mystery. Our revelation of the virus\u2019 masking strategy is important, as it could pave the way for new ways of treating viral infections. And it is likely that other types of viruses use the same trick,\u201d explained&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www1.bio.ku.dk\/english\/staff\/?pure=en\/persons\/123717\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Associate Professor Jeppe Vinther<\/a>&nbsp;of the University of Copenhagen\u2019s Department of Biology, who together with associate professor Troels Scheel and professor Jens Bukh, from Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program, headed the research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For several years, the research team had a good idea that FAD was helping the virus hide in infected cells, but they lacked a clear way to prove it. To solve the challenge, they turned to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arabidopsis_thaliana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Arabidopsis<\/a>, a well-known experimental plant among researchers. It was, for example, the first plant to have its full genome sequenced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e514af301c5&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e514af301c5\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"635\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg 458w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Arabidopsis_thaliana-300x416.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Arabidopsis thaliana<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Arabidopsis_thaliana.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cWe were getting desperate to find a way to prove our hypothesis, which is when we purified an enzyme from the Arabidopsis plant that can split the FAD molecule in two,\u201d explains Anna Sherwood from Department of Biology, who together with Lizandro Rene Rivera Rangel are first authors of the study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using the enzyme, the researchers were able to split the FAD and prove that the hepatitis C virus used it as a mask.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an RNA virus, hepatitis C\u2019s genetic material consists of RNA that must be copied once the virus enters its host organism. New RNA copies are used to take over new cells, and one end of the RNA\u2019s genetic material is masked by the FAD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Jeppe Vinther, it is very realistic that other RNA viruses use similar masking techniques to spread without being detected by cellular control systems. In fact, researchers have already found another virus that uses the same strategy. And there are likely more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69e514af30704&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69e514af30704\" class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/iStock-1355122387-SMALL-1024x576-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/iStock-1355122387-SMALL-1024x576-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/iStock-1355122387-SMALL-1024x576-1-600x338.jpg 600w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/iStock-1355122387-SMALL-1024x576-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/iStock-1355122387-SMALL-1024x576-1-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A strand of RNA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cAll RNA viruses have the same need to hide from the immune system and there is a good chance that this is just the beginning. Now that we\u2019re attuned to this trick, it opens up the possibility of developing new and perhaps improved methods of tracking and treating viral infections in the future,\u201d concludes Jeppe Vinther.<a href=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Figure-1.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/iStock-1240137505-SMALL.jpg\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Danish scientists have solved the question of how the hepatitis C virus hides in humans. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1335,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"iStock","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[32],"issue":[90],"ppma_author":[57],"class_list":["post-1330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-policies-research","tag-hepatitis-c","issue-issue-99"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How Hepatitis C Hides from the Immune System | HepSA Community News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/2023\/09\/how-hep-c-hides-from-the-immune-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How Hepatitis C Hides from the Immune System | HepSA Community News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Danish scientists have solved the question of how the hepatitis C virus hides in humans.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/hepatitissa.asn.au\/communitynews\/2023\/09\/how-hep-c-hides-from-the-immune-system\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"HepSA Community News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/HepatitisSA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-08-31T23:00:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-09T23:46:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" 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